Radio-Frequency simulation related publications

The following publications have been made by the OKTAL-SE research and development team in relations with reseach institutes in France and in Europe.

• SE-RAY-EM in the Air&Cosmos review
  Air&Cosmos, January 2007
  Following the Science and Defense price, an article was published in the "Air&Cosmos" review in France (Number 2062, 26 Janvier 2007). This article presents the main functions of the SE-RAY-EM/FERMAT software and its potential applications. Mr. Jean Latger, CEO of OKTAL-SE, also presents the different projects already achieved with the software.

• SPECRAY EM / FERMAT – A NEW MODELING RADAR APPROACH FROM NUMERICAL MODELS OF TERRAIN TO SAR IMAGES
  RADAR 2005
  Tools for electromagnetic simulation, such as SPECRAY EM / FERMAT, a jointed development of OKTAL SE company and French ONERA EM research centre, are well adapted to RCS or ISAR image computations down to millimetre wavelength for high realistic targets described using detailed CAD files. Moreover, this type of tool can be efficiently used in order to compute the same RCS of targets but taking into account the close environment, i.e. the clutter of this target, in the same run. Besides, it is possible to use the same type of tool in order to compute a complete reflectivity map of the terrain, including targets, that can be a very nice input of SAR treatment models. The basic problem is the terrain modeling. OKTAL SE company has developed the AGETIM terrain modeling tool, with the support of ANVAR, DGA and CELAR in France. This tool enables to automatically generate a 3D terrain mesh including complete modeling of features like roads, rivers or forests. This “terrain CAD file” is enhanced with physical attributes at polygon or texture level, which enables to perform EM ray tracing computations in order to provide a virtual stimulus to SAR imagery models. This paper intends to present the whole process from geographical data to SAR reflectivity map.

• FERMAT a new radar simulation approach
  RADAR 2004
  3D virtual databases are more and more realistic and any kind of terrain and objects can be easily modelled. A new approach in radar simulation is now possible thanks to efficiency in geometrical description and in ray tracing performance. FERMAT code is based on an ElectroMagnetic asymptotic modeling which takes advantage of these improvements for radar simulation.

• Apport de la simulation au dimensionnement des contraintes CEM en haute fréquence dans un environnement complexe
  CEM 2004(in french only)
  En haute fréquence, la modélisation asymptotique permet de modéliser globalement et efficacement l’environnement électromagnétique nécessaire à l’évaluation des phénomènes de compatibilité électromagnétique intersystème (CEMIS) dans un environnement complexe de grandes dimensions. Cet article décrit la technique de simulation utilisée et présente des résultats qui montrent comment elle peut être appliquée à différents domaines de l’électromagnétisme.

• Application of IEM and Radiative Transfer Formulations for Bistatic Scattering of Rough Surfaces
  IGARSS'02, Toronto 2002 - Canada
  Systematic characterization of scattering behavior of natural and manmade rough surfaces is required in many radar applications. In general, the overall scattering response of such surfaces is composed of surface and volume scattering components. In this paper Integral Equation Method (IEM) is outlined to work out the surface scattering and the radiative transfer theory is applied to model the volume scattering.

• Imaging Radar Simulation in Realistic Environment Using Shooting and Bouncing Rays Technique
  SPIE 2001
  A three dimensional (3-D) realistic radar simulation package including imaging radar simulation concept applied to multisensor scenarios is under development as a project between the Electromagnetism and Radar Department of ONERA and OKTAL-SE. Taking advantage of various studies in the domain, this partnership associates the expertise of ONERA in radar phenomenology, wave interaction with targets and clutter, with that of OKTAL-SE in the generation and management of realistic scene databases in the infrared and optical domains using advanced Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) techniques [1, 2, 3]. The objective of this program is to develop simulation tools capable of predicting the behaviour of sensors in a realistic environment. This is achieved by coupling a terrain database completed by radar and optical features and a fast SBR algorithm. This paper is focused on the specification of the radar (i.e. electromagnetic wave interaction) principles. Outputs from the simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the tool in respectively, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) simulations; and in the multisensor evaluation context in airborne applications such as enhanced vision in airport application context.

• Realistic Radar Simulation package Applied to Multisensor Scenarios
  Aerospace Symposium ONERA/DLR, Paris 2001 - France
  A three dimensional (3-D) realistic radar simulation package applied to multisensor scenarios is under development as a project between the Electromagnetism and Radar Department of ONERA and the Oktal Synthetic Environment Company. Taking advantage of various studies in the domain, this partnership associates the expertise of ONERA in radar phenomenology, millimeter wave interaction with targets and clutter, with that of OKTAL Synthetic Environment in the generation and management of realistic scene databases in the infrared and optical domains using advanced Shooting and Bouncing Rays (SBR) techniques. The objective of this program is to develop simulation tools capable of predicting the behaviour of sensors in a realistic environment. This is achieved by coupling a terrain database completed by radar and optical features and a fast SBR algorithm.